Upper Respiratory Infections (URI): Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention

Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are common illnesses that affect the upper part of the respiratory system, including the nose, throat, and sinuses. Children tend to experience more URIs each year compared to adults. According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI), this is often due to their developing immune systems and increased exposure to germs in settings like schools and daycare. Understanding what URIs are — and what they are not — can help families make informed decisions about care.

What is an upper respiratory infection?

An upper respiratory infection (URI) refers to infections that affect the upper respiratory tract, including the nose, sinuses, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box), according to the ACAAI. Most URIs are caused by viruses, though some may be caused by bacteria.

Common examples of URIs include:

• The common cold

• Sinusitis

• Pharyngitis (sore throat)

• Laryngitis

These illnesses are typically mild and self-limiting, meaning they improve on their own with supportive care.

It’s important to note that some serious conditions affecting the upper airway — such as epiglottitis — are not typical URIs. Epiglottitis is a rare but potentially life-threatening bacterial infection that causes swelling of the epiglottis and can rapidly block the airway. It requires urgent medical evaluation and should not be considered comparable to a common cold.

Upper respiratory infection symptoms

URI symptoms can vary depending on the specific illness, but common signs may include:

• Cough

• Nasal congestion

• Runny nose

• Mild fever

• Sore or scratchy throat

• Excess mucus

• Headache

• Fatigue

Most viral URIs cause mild to moderate symptoms that gradually improve over several days.

What causes an upper respiratory infection?

URIs are most often caused by viruses that spread through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces. Less commonly, bacteria may be responsible.

According to the ACAAI, several factors can increase the likelihood of developing a URI:

• Infrequent hand washing

• Exposure to cigarette smoke or environmental irritants

• Close contact with groups of children

• Spending time in crowded settings

• Time spent in healthcare facilities

• Underlying immune system conditions

• Seasonal factors

Are URIs contagious?

Yes. Most URIs are contagious, particularly those caused by viruses such as the common cold or influenza.

They spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Transmission can also occur by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth. Good hygiene — including frequent hand washing and avoiding close contact with sick individuals — can help reduce spread.

Three ways to help prevent upper respiratory infections

While it’s not always possible to avoid getting sick, certain steps may lower your risk:

• Get vaccinated: Annual influenza vaccination can help reduce the risk of flu and its complications.
• Avoid smoking: Smoking irritates the respiratory tract and can increase susceptibility to infection. Avoiding tobacco smoke supports overall respiratory health.
• Limit excessive alcohol use: Heavy alcohol use can weaken immune defenses. Moderation supports immune function.

Upper respiratory infection treatment

Most upper respiratory infections are mild and improve on their own with rest, hydration, and symptom relief measures.

In some cases, complications can occur. For example, viral infections can sometimes lead to secondary bacterial infections such as sinus infections, ear infections, or pneumonia — particularly in older adults, young children, or people with chronic medical conditions. These complications are not typically the result of “mismanaging” a cold, but rather reflect how infections can evolve in certain individuals.

If symptoms are severe, last longer than expected, or worsen over time, medical evaluation is recommended. A healthcare professional can determine whether additional treatment — such as antibiotics for a confirmed bacterial infection — is appropriate.

When to see a doctor for a URI

Although most URIs resolve without medical treatment, certain symptoms warrant prompt evaluation in both adults and children. According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, seek care if you notice:

• Fever higher than 100.4°F (38°C) that persists

• Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

• Wheezing or persistent cough

• Dizziness or fainting

• Severe throat pain or difficulty swallowing

• Retractions (visible pulling in of the ribs) in children

• Stridor (a high-pitched breathing sound)

• Symptoms that last more than 10 days without improvement or that worsen

Urgent care near you

If you or your child develop concerning symptoms, a healthcare professional can provide evaluation and guidance. Use Solv to find top-rated urgent care clinics near you and book a same-day appointment.